Notes:

Consume only pure herbal medicines. Avoid medicines that contain any non-herbal ingredients like bhasma, heavy metals, chemicals, cow urine, etc.

Friday, December 13, 2024

What are the types of allopathic medicines given for diabetes?

What are the types of allopathic medicines given for diabetes?

Allopathic medicines for diabetes are designed to manage blood glucose levels by affecting insulin production, insulin sensitivity, or carbohydrate metabolism. The type of medication prescribed depends on the type of diabetes (Type 1, Type 2, or gestational diabetes) and the severity of the condition. Here are the main categories of allopathic medicines used to treat diabetes:

1. Insulin Therapy:

  • Used primarily for Type 1 diabetes and sometimes for advanced Type 2 diabetes when oral medications are no longer effective.
  • Types of insulin:
    • Rapid-acting insulin: Works within minutes after injection and peaks about 1 to 2 hours after administration (e.g., insulin lispro, aspart, glulisine).
    • Short-acting insulin: Starts working within 30 minutes and peaks in 2 to 4 hours (e.g., regular insulin).
    • Intermediate-acting insulin: Takes 2 to 4 hours to start working, peaks in 4 to 12 hours (e.g., NPH insulin).
    • Long-acting insulin: Works steadily and evenly over 24 hours (e.g., insulin glargine, detemir, degludec).
  • Combination insulin: Contains both short/rapid-acting and intermediate/long-acting insulins to cover different time periods of the day (e.g., pre-mixed insulins like 70/30, 50/50).
  • Dosage and timing: Doses vary depending on individual needs and are adjusted based on blood sugar monitoring.

2. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (for Type 2 diabetes):

  • Metformin:
    • How it works: Reduces liver glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity in muscle cells.
    • Side effects: Gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea and diarrhea.
    • Not recommended in patients with kidney impairment.
  • Sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide):
    • How it works: Stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin.
    • Side effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain.
  • Meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide, nateglinide):
    • How it works: Stimulates the pancreas to release insulin but with a shorter action than sulfonylureas.
    • Side effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain.
  • Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) (e.g., pioglitazone, rosiglitazone):
    • How it works: Improves insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat cells.
    • Side effects: Weight gain, fluid retention, increased risk of heart failure.
  • DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin):
    • How it works: Inhibits the enzyme DPP-4, which breaks down GLP-1, a hormone that increases insulin release and decreases glucagon release.
    • Side effects: Generally well tolerated, but can cause headaches, upper respiratory tract infections.
  • SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin):
    • How it works: Reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidney, increasing glucose excretion in the urine.
    • Side effects: Increased urination, dehydration, yeast infections, and urinary tract infections.
  • GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide):
    • How it works: Mimics GLP-1 hormone, which helps the pancreas produce more insulin after meals.
    • Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss.
  • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose, miglitol):
    • How it works: Slows the digestion of carbohydrates in the intestine, preventing blood sugar spikes.
    • Side effects: Gastrointestinal discomfort, flatulence, diarrhea.

3. Injectable Non-Insulin Medications:

  • Pramlintide:
    • How it works: Reduces post-meal blood sugar spikes by delaying gastric emptying and suppressing glucagon release.
    • Side effects: Nausea, weight loss, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

4. Incretin Mimetics:

  • Dulaglutide, Exenatide, Liraglutide:
    • How they work: Mimics the action of the GLP-1 hormone to enhance insulin secretion and reduce glucagon levels.
    • Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and potential for weight loss.

These medications aim to help control blood sugar levels by different mechanisms, such as enhancing insulin secretion, improving insulin sensitivity, or reducing glucose production in the liver. The choice of medication depends on the individual’s health condition, lifestyle, other medical conditions, and the presence of side effects. Managing diabetes often requires a combination of these medicines along with lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and monitoring blood sugar levels.

No comments:

Post a Comment

Norton [CPS] Many Geos